Breastfeeding vs Formula
Breastfeeding vs Formula the breastfeeding vs. formula debate, experts say breastfeeding is the optimal way to feed a baby. Breastfeeding has many health benefits for babies and mothers. Formula provides balanced nutrition for infants and is convenient for feedings but can be expensive and come with side effects.
By Michelle Llamas, BCPAEdited By Sophia CliftonMedically Reviewed by Ruben J. Rucoba, M.D.This page features 12 Cited Research ArticlesLast Modified: December 29, 2022
FACT CHECKED WHY TRUST DRUGWATCH?To Formula Feed or Breastfeed?When comparing formula feeding to breastfeeding, experts agree that breastfeeding is the preferred choice for infant feeding and nutrition. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be breastfed exclusively for at least six months and then transitioned to breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least the first year.The World Health Organization echoes the AAP’s sentiment. According to WHO, breast milk is clean, safe and helps support a healthy immune system. It’s also shown benefits for the future development of children and their ability to stay healthier as they age.There are some instances when a mother may have to formula feed a baby, though an inability to breastfeed for medical reasons is rare, according to the AAP. These include HIV infection in the mother or a condition called galactosemia in infants. In some cases, mothers who are taking medications or have other medical issues may not be able to breastfeed.Babies born prematurely or babies with difficulty thriving may have special dietary needs. In these cases, a pediatrician may recommend baby formulafeeding or supplementing breast milk with formula.
Breastfeeding AdvantagesResearch has shown breastfeeding has several advantages for both the infant and mother. Babies who are breastfed have a decreased risk of several childhood ailments and these benefits may last into adulthood. Breastfed children also perform better in intelligence tests, according to WHO.
A mother’s breast milk changes specifically for the baby’s needs as it grows, and a premature baby’s mother’s milk contains extra nutrition for at least the first few weeks. Even donor breast milk can provide many of the same benefits as a baby’s mother’s milk.
Breastfeeding may decrease a baby’s risk of: Asthma, Atopic dermatitis, Being overweight or obese, Celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, Diabetes, Diarrhea, Ear infections, specifically otitis mediaLate-onset sepsis in babies born prematurelyLeukemiaNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), Respiratory tract infection, Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), Ulcerative colitis.
Mothers also benefit from breastfeeding their children. Breastfeeding lowers a mother’s risk of ovarian cancer, breast cancer, Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In addition, the AAP says breastfeeding may decrease the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and excessive menstrual blood loss. Be sure to check with your medical provider for more health information on breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding Challenges, While breastfeeding is the recommended way to feed babies, breastfeeding challenges such as a baby’s health or a mother’s medical condition may make it difficult or impossible to breastfeed. Breastfeeding may also cause uncomfortable issues such as fungal infections and soreness of the nipples.Premature babies may have a difficult time breastfeeding because being underdeveloped makes it harder for them to coordinate suck, swallow and breathe actions. They may also need more nutrients that those occurring naturally in breast milk. In these cases, your preemie’s doctor may recommend supplementing breast milk with preemie formula or exclusive formula feeding.“A small number of mothers are not able to breastfeed. This can be hard to accept, but it does not make you a bad mom. Infant formula is still a healthy choice, and your baby will get all the necessary nutrients.”
Source: National Library of Medicine
Mothers taking certain medications shouldn’t breastfeed. For example, breastfeeding is contraindicated for mothers going through chemotherapy. Make sure to tell your doctor if you are on medication and plan to breastfeed to make sure it’s safe to do so. The National Library of Medicine provides a drug database for breastfeeding safety.Other challenges include low milk supply, engorged breasts, plugged milk ducts, feelings of sadness or depression and dealing with the judgement of others who may not support breastfeeding. Seek help from your medical provider or check out resources from the Office on Women’s Health for common problems and solutions.
LAWSUIT INFORMATIONLawsuits are being filed by parents whose children were diagnosed with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) after consuming cow's milk-based formula. Learn more.VIEW LAWSUITS
Baby Formula Advantages
Baby formula advantages include convenience and the ability to tailor nutrition for individual babies. Formula also provides an alternative way to nourish a baby if breastfeeding is not recommended by a medical provider. Lactose-free formula and hypoallergenic formula are available for babies with special needs.Mothers who may need to pause breastfeeding because of medications, illness or surgeries can formula feed their babies. Using baby formula may also help preemies with catch-up growth. Studies have shown that preemie formula can help premature babies achieve short-term growth and weight gain.While breastfeeding is the preferred choice, baby formula is still a nutritionally balanced way to feed your baby. All commercial formulas for sale in the U.S. must adhere to the Food and Drug Administration’s guidelines for nutrition. Experts do not recommend trying to make homemade baby formula, especially from recipes you find online. Babies who consume homemade formula run the risk of being nutritionally deficient and experiencing dangerous electrolyte imbalances.Formula feeding allows others to help feed the baby, giving mothers precious time to rest, recover or get more sleep. Formula-fed babies may feed fewer times a day because formula takes longer to digest. Before switching baby formulas, be sure to check with your child’s pediatrician.
Baby Formula Disadvantages
Baby formula disadvantages include its cost, inability to provide antibodies and immune support to babies, and baby formula side effects.Formula feeding is expensive. It can cost between $800 and $2,800 a year. With inflation, this figure could be higher. Brand-name formulas that babies leave the hospital with can be as much as 66% more expensive that store brands, but mothers are most likely to stick with the brand they know. Baby formula recalls may also cause extra stress because of formula shortages.Babies who aren’t breastfed miss out on the unique immune and cognitive development benefits breast milk gives them. This includes antibodies and other health protections breast milk provides infants. And while baby formula side effects are typically limited to mild digestive issues, some health risks may be serious or even fatal.Preemies fed cow’s milk baby formula have a higher risk of a serious digestive disorder called necrotizing enterocolitis than preemies whose main diet is breast milk, and NEC can be fatal. According to one of the first NEC studies published in the Lancet, NEC was six to 10 times more common in exclusively formula-fed babies than in babies fed breast milk alone. Parents whose babies became ill with or died from NEC have filed baby formula lawsuits against the makers of Similac and Enfamil.
Supplemental Feeding
Doctors may recommend supplemental feeding if a mother can’t exclusively breastfeed or if a baby requires extra vitamins and minerals in addition to what breast milk provides. Premature babies often need supplemental feeding to help them catch up in growth.According to Nemours KidsHealth, after a baby learns to breastfeed, a mother can introduce formula through a small tube placed by her nipple. Babies should be at least 3 to 4 weeks old before introducing artificial nipples.While at the hospital and eventually when they come home, preemies may receive human milk fortifiers to add extra vitamins and minerals to their mother’s milk. Preemies may have to be fed through a tube in their stomach while in the hospital and slowly taught to breastfeed after.Be sure to ask your medical provider for tips on how to introduce your baby to supplemental feeding and weaning your baby off breast milk.
Please seek the advice of a medical professional before making health care decisions.
WRITTEN BYMichelle Llamas, BCPABoard Certified Patient AdvocateMICHELLE LLAMAS HAS BEEN WRITING ARTICLES AND PRODUCING PODCASTS ABOUT DRUGS, MEDICAL DEVICES AND THE FDA FOR NEARLY A DECADE. SHE FOCUSES ON VARIOUS MEDICAL CONDITIONS, HEALTH POLICY, COVID-19, LGBTQ HEALTH, MENTAL HEALTH AND WOMEN’S HEALTH ISSUES. MICHELLE COLLABORATES WITH EXPERTS, INCLUDING BOARD-CERTIFIED DOCTORS, PATIENTS AND ADVOCATES, TO PROVIDE TRUSTED HEALTH INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC. SOME OF HER QUALIFICATIONS INCLUDE:MEMBER OF AMERICAN MEDICAL WRITERS ASSOCIATION (AMWA) AND FORMER ENGAGE COMMITTEE AND MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE MEMBERCENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC) HEALTH LITERACY CERTIFICATESORIGINAL WORKS PUBLISHED OR CITED IN THE LANCET, BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THE JOURNAL FOR PALLIATIVE MEDICINEBOARD CERTIFIED PATIENT ADVOCATE, PATIENT ADVOCACY CERTIFICATE FROM UNIVERSITY OF MIAMIEDITED
BYSophia CliftonEditorMEDICALLY REVIEWED BYRuben J. Rucoba, M.D.Pediatrician12 Cited Research ArticlesDrugwatch.com writers follow rigorous sourcing guidelines and cite only trustworthy sources of information, including peer-reviewed journals, court records, academic organizations, highly regarded nonprofit organizations, government reports and interviews with qualified experts. Review our editorial policy to learn more about our process for producing accurate, current and balanced content.
VIEW SOURCESCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, March 2). Breastfeeding Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/faq/index.htmOffice on Women’s Health. (2022, February 4). Breastfeeding Resources. Retrieved from https://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-resourcesNational Library of Medicine. (2021, May 24). Breastfeeding vs. formula feeding. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000803.htmAmerican Academy of Pediatrics. (2021, March 9). Breastfeeding Overview. Retrieved from https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-overview/Nemours KidsHealth. (2021, January). Breastfeeding FAQs: Solids and Supplementing. Retrieved from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/breastfeed-solids.htmlNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2018, July 27). What are the benefits of breastfeeding? Retrieved from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/benefitsEidelman, A.I. et al. (2012, March 1). Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Retrieved from https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/129/3/e827/31785/Breastfeeding-and-the-Use-of-Human-Milk#content-blockOffice of the Surgeon General. (2011, January 19). Breastfeeding: Surgeon General’s Call to Action Fact Sheet. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/breastfeeding/factsheet/index.htmlLucas, A. & Cole, T.J. (1990, December 22). Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1979363/WIC Breastfeeding Support. (n.d.). Common Breastfeeding Challenges. Retrieved from https://wicbreastfeeding.fns.usda.gov/common-breastfeeding-challengesWorld Health Organization. (n.d.). Breastfeeding. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding#tab=tab_1Public Citizen. (n.d.). The Dollars and Cents of Infant Formula Marketing. Retrieved from https://www.citizen.org/article/the-dollars-and-cents-of-infant-formula-marketing/#_ftn1On This PageOverviewBreastfeeding ProsBreastfeeding ChallengesBaby Formula ProsBaby Formula ChallengesSupplemental Feeding
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